J’ai eu le plaisir et l’honneur d’être invité par le Cercle Français du vénérable National Liberal Club, l’un des clubs emblématiques de Londres, à l’occasion des célébrations du Bastille Day, comme l’on nomme ici la Fête Nationale française du 14 juillet.
Le club fut fondé en 1882 par William Gladstone, Premier ministre du Liberal Party, à l’époque où il représentait la seule alternance aux Conservateurs – le Labour Party n’a été fondé qu’en 1900. Outre le raz-de-marée travailliste qui a marqué les élections du 4 juillet (412 sièges, soit 63%), les Liberal Democrats (ou LibDem, troisième force politique du pays) célèbrent aussi des élections mémorables, passant de 11 à 72 sièges, leur meilleur score depuis 1923. L’ambiance au National Liberal Club, qui est resté le QG spirituel du parti, était au beau fixe !
Le sujet principal de mon intervention était le 120eme anniversaire de l’Entente Cordiale. Impossible dans le contexte de ne pas évoquer aussi les élections des deux côtés de La Manche.
Bonne lecture et bon été.
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Introduction
I am Olivier Morel, I was born in France, I have a British passport as well. I have lived and worked here for most of my professional life. I am a solicitor, a partner with Cripps LLP, and a French Avocat à la Cour.
I head the UK chapter of a 125-year-old French government think tank, the Conseillers du Commerce Extérieur de la France (French foreign trade advisors).
This is a voluntary role:
- providing advice to the French government on international trade & benchmarking on public policy
- supporting French SMEs venturing into overseas markets
- mentoring young people looking for an international career; and
- promoting France as a place to do business and invest in.
There are 4,500 of us in 150 countries, some 70 in the UK, all business leaders, senior executives and entrepreneurs.
Lest we forget in this lively political climate, 2024 is a momentous year. We are celebrating the 120th anniversary of the Entente Cordiale. In that context, I would like to spend a short time going through:
- the real history of that 120-year-old agreement
- the fundamentals of our two countries’ relationship
- I will also deal with the elephant in the room – elections! More on that later.
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First Entente Cordiale | King Louis-Philippe | 1830-1848
The King ascended the throne only 15 years after the Treaty of Vienna that reorganised European order after the French revolution and Napoleonic Wars (1815).
He belonged to the junior Orléans line of the French royal dynasty. His father was Louis-Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who adopted the name Philippe Égalité (as in « Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ») during the French Revolution. Famously – or infamously! – he did vote for the death of the King Louis XVI, his cousin, in January 1793. He was then executed later that year – « la Révolution dévore ses enfants« . He was an admirer of the Enlightenment which flourished in France in the XVIII century, and of British constitutional monarchy. A liberal and promoter of commerce, he owned land in Paris in what is still the Palais-Royal, where he encouraged shops and cafés to open, where lively debate could take place – and that most British of pastimes, shopping. He really was an oddball amongst French aristocrats, who looked down on commerce as vulgar.
His son King Louis-Philippe promoted friendship with Britain and the first Entente Cordiale. He visited Queen Victoria in Windsor in 1844, which constituted the first presence of a French King on English soil for almost 500 years. Jean II, “Jean Le Bon”, was taken prisoner in 1356 during the Hundred Years’ War’s battle of Poitiers (he of « Père gardez-vous à droite, Père gardez-vous à gauche“ fame). An interesting, related, anecdote: in order to pay the huge ransom that the King of England demanded for the return of his illustrious prisoner, it was decided to mint the first “Franc” – the currency was referred to as “Franc des Anglois”, meaning “free from the English”. In a roundabout way, England can claim responsibility for having given birth to the French currency, something else that binds us!
The links between Britain and France continued with Emperor Napoléon III. He, too, was an admirer of the British parliamentary regime, and spent time in political asylum here, twice after two failed coups – 1836 and 1846 – then finally in 1871 after he abdicated following the crushing defeat of France by Prussia in the 1870 conflict. He died in the UK in 1873, where he had set up the French Court in exile at Camden Place in Chislehurst (now south-east London). He had settled into the life of a gentleman, walking to church and watching cricket. He, his wife Empress Eugénie, and their son, are buried in St Michael’s Abbey, Farnborough.
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The Second Entente Cordiale | 1904
In January 1871, German reunification was formalised with the proclamation of the German Empire and the crowning of Kaiser Wilhelm I in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles, in the wake of the Franco-Prussian War. Bismarck, the architects of German unification, orchestrated this further humiliation of France, the defeated foe.
Several factors pushed France and Britain to grow closer:
- in 1882, a Triple Alliance binds Germany, Austro-Hungary and Italy;
- Germany, having become a new unified country, was playing catch up with France and Britain in trying to acquire an empire -late XIX century was the time of peak empire-fever – Rudyard Kipling and others were the champions of the white-man-mission to ‘civilise’ the world;
- France for its part was looking for alliances after the 1870 humiliating defeat;
- Britain, in common with its policy of never allowing one power to become too dominant on the Continent of Europe, looked wearily on as Germany flexed its newly found imperial muscles.
Three characters worked together towards the Franco-British rapprochement: Théophile Delcassé, French Ministre des Affaires étrangères; Lord Landsdowne, British Foreign Secretary; and Paul Cambon, French Ambassador to Britain. A fourth character played a more subtle role: King Edward VII was openly Francophile, and also had a difficult personal relationship with his nephew Wilhelm II – and was wary of German expansionism.
This coming together, which seems natural today, was not a given. Our two countries had competing interests and somewhat differing world views. Two illustrations of how the rapprochement could have been derailed.
The British royal family had very strong family ties with Germany, being essentially a German dynasty since The Hanoverians ascended the British throne in 1714 – the first two George spoke English as their third language and spent a good deal of their time in Hanover. Incidentally, this triggered the creation of the post of Prime minister almost organically, so that the country could continue to be governed in the absence of the sovereign. This phenomenon was then reinforced by the marriage of Queen Victoria to a German aristocrat in 1840 – lest we forget that the family name of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha became ‘Windsor’ only during the First World War, to appease what were felt to be anti-German sentiments in Britain. So, the British royal family and British society had a natural inclination towards all things German.
Fashoda. This was a small Egyptian army garrison town on the Upper Nile in modern-day South Sudan. It became briefly famous in the summer and autumn of 1898 for an almighty diplomatic and political row between Britain and France. French Major Marchand and a small expeditionary force of less than 150 spent almost two years trekking across Africa from the French Congo, navigating up the Congo and Ubangui rivers and striking north-east. They reached Fashoda where they hoped to meet a French force coming the other way from Djibouti at the mouth of the Red Sea – those never made it.
Crucially, Fashoda was situated in the part of Africa that Britain regarded as its backyard.
Kitchener, fresh from victory at Omdurman, was ordered south to meet Commandant Marchand and his small group, with a much larger and battle-hardened force.
While their respective governments had a huge diplomatic and political row in Europe – the British navy was ready to mobilise; the satirists were having a field day of French bashing (nothing new here!) – the two local commanders, Kitchener and Marchand, behaved with restraint and good humour whilst waiting for orders. They spent time drinking whisky and inspecting each other’s camp – Marchand commented that « drinking whisky was one of his greatest sacrifices for his country » and Kitchener was amused that the French had set up a garden in the desert – “Flowers at Fashoda. Oh these Frenchmen!”
The further significance of Fashoda is highlighted by the fact that this is where an imaginary Franco-British line crossed: the ambition of Cecil Rhodes was building a telegraph line from Cape Town to Cairo to assert British supremacy over Africa whilst France’s plan was to build a West-East African trading corridor from the Atlantic to the Red Sea.
France backed down in the end – Delcassé, the French Foreign Secretary, was a master of Realpolitik:
“They have soldiers. We only have arguments”.
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The Entente Cordiale Agreements
The Entente Cordiale is a sort of ‘Get off my patch, I’ll keep off yours” agreement. It is a little underwhelming but was very much the spirit of the time. Perhaps the other contemporary example is the border drawn between the French and British spheres of influence in the Near-East during the First World War: Foreign Office mandarin Mark Sykes explaining that: “I should like to draw a line from the « e » in Acre [modern day Israel] to the last « k » in Kirkuk.” [Iraqi Kurdistan]. North of the line would be France to ‘influence’, whilst Britain would oversee the territories south of the line. This remains almost exactly the border between Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Iraq, well over a century later.
The Entente Cordiale, which has become the byword for the growing interest that France and Britain have in working closely together, is made up of three documents:
One main colonial agreement: the recognition that Egypt was fully in the British sphere of influence and likewise Morocco in the French sphere. Free passage through the Suez Canal was also guaranteed.
A smattering of other border and fishing disagreements settled in French Guinea; Nigeria/Niger; the Upper Gambia valley; and Newfoundland.
A third document regarding French and British spheres of influence in Siam; Indochina; Madagascar; and Vanuatu.
In conclusion, the Entente Cordiale went from an old-fashioned colonial settlement to poster-boy for our relationship – this sometime happens in history, just look at the Magna Carta: the 1215 settlement between the Barons and the King to limit his powers has become a symbol of civil liberties and democracy.
I am not complaining in either case!
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The present | Two nations separated at birth, whose history and destiny have been intertwined for a millennium
The similarities are truly striking.
- The two oldest and largest European Nation-States.
- The only 2 nuclear powers and permanent members of the United Nations Security Council in western Europe.
- Two old colonial powers, who have become medium-sized powers.
- Two economies that are very similar in size and structure, being broadly 80% services. Incidentally, a snapshot shows that 2023 was a record year for Franco-British commerce: €121 billion (£105 billion) in trade, up 9% on 2022, with France regaining its ranking ahead of China as the UK’s fourth largest trading partner.
- Two similar-sized populations – a little over 68 million (France) and a little under 68 million (UK).
- Two countries centred on oversized political and economic capitals – London and Paris. Comparatively few large countries combine the economic and political capital in one place: Australia; Brazil; Canada; China (to an extent); Germany; Italy; The Netherlands; the USA.
- Similar ‘Big’ societal issues – immigration; managed dying; equality, diversity and inclusion; urban violence; artificial intelligence; social media’s effect on young people – and old people for that matter!; and so on and so forth.
- On a lighter note, and for more evidence of our enduring and passionate relationship, you only have to look at some British best-sellers:
“1,000 years of annoying the French”.
“That Sweet Enemy”.
“A year in the merde”, about an Englishman’s adventure in la France profonde.
But the last decade has shown that that relationship can deteriorate rapidly – AUKUS and Brexit!– yet hopefully, I have provided enough evidence that there is more that unites us than divides us.
The recent upheaval following the French snap elections also demonstrates that there’s still work to do to maintain a strong Franco-British partnership – the Right Honourable David Lammy MP, our new Foreign Secretary, did not stop in Paris on his initial tour of European capitals after the British general election – who can blame him, it would have been like intruding on a bitter family feud.
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Elections
In no particular order, some remarks about the two recent elections.
- Please spare a thought for those of us who voted three times in a week
30th June First round of French elections
4th July British General Elections
7th July Second round of French elections
not counting the European elections on 9th June.
The symmetry of our two countries’ changing fortunes is unreal. Just over 8 years ago:
2. Britain entered a very tumultuous period following the referendum to leave the European Union on 23rd June 2016 – we have lived through what must count as one of the craziest periods in British political history.
- At almost the same time, France saw the rise of a new political force, En Marche and that of a little-known character, Emmanuel Macron. He set up what he described as a think tank in the spring of 2016. He left the government at the end of that summer and was elected President in May 2017 against all the odds, firing the starting gun to a new era of French politics – in the process blowing up a political order that had prevailed for almost 60 years!
- And now, almost 8 years to the day, it is the turn of France to embark for the unknown, whilst Britain returns to grown-up politics, with exact symmetry – to coin a phrase, “en même temps ?”
3. On a lighter note, this brings a refreshing change. I spent the last 8 years trying to explain to my friends in France why the UK seemed to have gone mad. I now have to try and explain to my British friends what’s going on in France – it started with my guest appearance on the Quiet Riot Podcast hosted by Naomi Smith, Alex Andreou and Kenny Campbell two weeks ago.
4. If France had had a First-past-the-post electoral system, the far right (which polled +33% in the first round) would now be in power with a huge majority in the Assemblée Nationale. For context, Labour polled 34% of the votes and won 63% of the seats.
5. In Britain, First-past-the-post normally ensures cranks and extremists are kept away from power… until it doesn’t. The last 14 years have demonstrated that the anti-European cancer that ate away at the Tories transformed the respected All-Nation Conservative Party into the monster that elected Boris Johnson and Liz Truss as its leaders, and our Prime ministers.
6. France’s electorate has rejected the Far Right, but about a third of those that voted still backed them. In the UK, no Brown-Shirts in sight. Yet adding up Reform UK’s share of the votes (14%) and the more extreme fringes of the Tories, you might reach something like 25%? – the Conservatives garnered 24% of the votes, and recent polling shows half the current Conservative members want to lurch further to the right, tempted as they are to succumb to the sirens of Reform UK -as the discourse of some of the Tory leadership candidates will testify…
Once again, we are remarkably similar in the challenges we face.
Conclusion
There’s far more than unites us than divides us, but we should not take anything for granted. If the last decade has taught us anything, it is that progress can go into reverse. Who would have thought at the time of the London Olympics and Paralympics, and THAT incredible opening ceremony, that we would vote to leave the European Union less than 4 years later ?
Beyond the banter and the rugby rivalry, our two countries have enormous and heartfelt respect for each other. Here are one of my two favourite illustrations:
- In the case of Britain, on several occasions in the last few years, a French Brigadier General has been in command of the 1st British Division, so high is the trust between our respective armies.
- In the case of France, this respect can be best summed up by the message of condolences that President Macron sent to the British people after the death of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, in particular when he said this:
“To you, she was your Queen. To us, she was THE Queen.”
I would wish us to form a Third Entente Cordiale, fit for the 21st century, to relaunch a new era of pragmatic relationship between two countries that are so similar in outlook, share so much history and have so many common challenges. These challenges can only be met together.
Finally, I would make Four Pleas.
First Plea
Reboot industrial military cooperation – beyond the ‘on the ground’ work of swapping military personnel I mentioned above, there is very little going on by way of industrial cooperation, yet the challenges are so similar and can only be met together.
Second Plea
I want Britain to re-join Erasmus, the pan-European student exchange programme that has done so much for almost four decades to build long-lasting bridges between our peoples and cultures.
Third Plea
Find a way to solve Freedom of Movements with the EU – the single biggest issue mentioned by businesses based in the UK.
Fourth Plea
Everyone can do something at their own modest level. YOU can all do something. In that spirit, I would take a leaf out of Louis XIV, in his “Memoirs of Louis XIV for the Instruction of the Dauphin » – a sort of guidebook to statesmanship for the benefit of his successor. On judging people’s character and their ability to achieve long term goals, the Sun King said:
« The whole reputation of great men is not formed only of great deeds. As the humblest are the ones that are most often realised, it is on them that our true inclinations are judged. In dealing with the smallest affairs, there is a certain honesty which, scrupulously respected, is no less precious than the most brilliant virtues. »
Please continue to deal with the ‘smallest affairs’ of our Franco-British relationship – do something at your modest level, the accumulation of each ‘small affair’ will lead to great results in the long run.
Please raise your glass to the Third Entente Cordiale!
Olivier Morel
National Liberal Club | French Circle
17th July 2024


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